Options

Stock Options and Index Options, an Illustrated Introduction with Examples.
The Mechanics of Option Trading, Exercise, and Assignment; Options Clearing Corporation (OCC)
Option-like Securities: Callable Bonds, Convertible Securities, and Warrants
Theoretical Pricing Models: Binomial Option Pricing And The Black-Scholes Formula
Put-Call Parity
The Greeks: Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega, and Rho
Volatility and Implied Volatility
Employee Stock Options; Back-dated Options
Interest Rate Options
Exotic Options
Binary Options

Option Strategies

Option Strategies: Investment Strategies using Options, illustrated with Graphs and Examples.
Covered Calls
Vertical Option Spreads
Straddles and Strangles: Non-Directional Option Strategies
Butterfly and Condor Option Spreads
Calendar Option Spreads
Diagonal Option Spreads
Dividend Spread Arbitrage

Special Option Topics

Taxation Of Options and Convertible Securities

Stocks

Don't gamble; take all your savings and buy some good stock and hold it till it goes up, then sell it. If it don't go up, don't buy it. — Will Rogers

Stock Fundamentals

Common Stocks, Preferred Stocks, Treasury Stock, Legal Rights of Stockholders: Basic Concepts
Share Classes of Common Stock
Common Stock Dividends
Types of Stocks
Margin
Selling Short

Primary and Secondary Stock Market

Investment Banking
Selling New Securities
Securities Exempt from Registration under the Securities Act of 1933
The Secondary Stock Market
Execution, Clearing, and Settlement

Stock Valuation

Security Analysts and Their Recommendations
Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
The Present Value Of Growth Opportunities, Earnings Retention Rate, And Dividend Payout Ratio
Price/Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) and the PEG Ratio
Equity Valuation: Book Value, Liquidation Value, And The Q Ratio
Enterprise Value
Earnings Yield (aka Earnings-Price Ratio, E/P Ratio)
Discounted Cash Flow Formula
Goodwill
Economic Value Added (EVA)

Financial Ratios

Financial Ratios
Liquidity Measures: Net Working Capital, Current Ratio, Quick Ratio
Activity Ratios: Accounts Receivable Turnover, Inventory Turnover, Total Asset Turnover
Leverage Measures: Debt-Equity Ratios And Fixed-Charge Coverage Ratio
Profitability Ratios: Net Profit Margin, Return On Assets (ROA), Return On Equity (ROE)

Stock Indexes

Security Market Indexes
Russell Stock Market Indexes
Global Dow

Specialized Topics

American Depositary Receipts (ADRs)
Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs)
Preferred Stock
Stock Rights Offering
Cash Flow from Operations
Insider Trading
Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs)

Futures

Futures and Options on Futures — an Illustrated Tutorial
The Institution Of Futures Trading: The Futures Exchange, Clearinghouse, And The Futures Commission Merchant (FCM)
Funding A Futures Account
Futures Orders: Buying and Selling Futures Contracts on an Exchange
Hedging
Determination Of Futures Prices: Spot-Futures Parity
Futures Prices: Known Income, Cost of Carry, Convenience Yield
Futures Prices Versus Expected Spot Prices: Expectation Hypothesis, Normal Backwardation, and Contango
Financial Futures
FX Futures
Interest Rate Futures

Commodities

Commodities
Commodities Blog

Forex

They say that money can't buy love, but it can greatly increase your prospects. — wcs

Forex — An Introduction
Foreign Currency Market
Foreign Exchange History
Economics of Foreign Exchange Rates
Foreign Exchange Rates
Currency Quotes, Bid/Ask Quotes, Quote Convention, and Cross Currency Quotes
Currency Cross Rates And Triangular Arbitrage In The FX Spot Market
How to Calculate Leverage, Margin, and Pip Values in Forex
How To Choose A Forex Broker
Forex Trading
Rollovers, Interest Rate Differentials, and Value Dates; Carry Trade
Fundamental Analysis
FX Forwards
FX Futures
Exotic Options

Topics

International Balance Of Payments (BOP)
Speculative Currency Attacks

Technical Analysis

If you can count your money, you don't have a billion dollars. — J. Paul Getty

Technical Analysis (TA)
Where are the Technical Analysts' Yachts?
Dow Theory
Technical Indicators
Market Sentiment and Indicators
Trends And Trendlines
An Overview Of Chart Types Used In Technical Analysis
Bar Charts
Candlestick Charts
Point-and-Figure Charts
Simple Moving Averages(SMA) and Exponential Moving Averages (EMA)
Price Channels, Envelopes, and Bands
Momentum and Momentum Indicators
Ralph Nelson Elliot and the Elliot Wave Theory
Elliot Wave Theory (EWT)
Elliot Wave Theory Review

Personal Finance

Bankruptcy
Credit and Debt
- Debt Collection
Insurance
- Types of Insurance
  - Auto
  - Homeowner
  - Health
  - Life
Real Estate
Taxes
Wills, Estates, and Trusts
- Wills and Estates
- Trusts

Investments

Investment Fundamentals
Investment Funds
- Mutual Funds
- Limited Partnerships
Banking
Bonds
- Types Of Bonds
Forex
Futures
Options
Stocks
- Stock Indexes
- Stock Valuation and Financial Ratios
Technical Analysis
Economics

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The Pauper's Money Book shows how you can manage your money to greatly increase your standard of living.

Save, invest, and earn more money.
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Earn more from a career or from running a business.

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Information is provided 'as is' and solely for education, not for trading purposes or professional advice.
All articles on this site were written by William C. Spaulding
Author Website: WilliamSpaulding.com
YouTube Channel: WCS Money Tutorials (https://www.youtube.com/@WCSMoneyTutorials/videos)
Books by William Spaulding:
- The Pauper's Money Book
  - Manage money better to improve your life by saving more, investing more, and earning more.
- Trickle-Up Economics
  - Describes the best tax policy for any country to maximize happiness and economic wealth, based on simple economic principles.
- Economics: An Illustrated Introduction to Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, International Economics, and Behavioral Economics
  - An introductory textbook on Economics, lavishly illustrated with full-color illustrations and diagrams, and concisely written for fastest comprehension.